对于托福考试的同学来说,托福写作想要得高分,正确的备考姿势是必须的,那么同学们对此有哪些了解呢?接下来就和出国留学网来看看托福写作考试备考应该避免哪些错误?
1、不一致
不一致(Disagreements)除了主谓不一致之外,还包括数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致等等。
例如: Watching TV too much are bad for our eyes.
看电视太久会对我们的视力造成伤害。
剖析:不定式、v-ing形式充当句子主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。本句是典型的主谓不一致。同学们在考场上难免紧张,很容易无意识地犯下这种不该犯的错误。建议同学们留出10分钟左右的时间,逐句检查。
改为:Watching TV too much is bad for our eyes.
2、句子不完整
写作和口语有一个极大的不同之处,就是在口语当中,说话人即使表达不完整,听者也能通过上下文语境、手势、表情等,理解对方的意思。可是写作却不同,句子结构的不完整(Sentence Fragments)会令意思表达不清,可能使读者二丈和尚摸不着头脑。这种情况经常会发生在写完一句句子之后,笔者又想对前面一句话添加一些补充时发生。
例如:There are many ways to learn English. For example by reading English novels, listening to English radio, taking courses and so on.
剖析:后半部分“For example ……and so on .”不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的词语,不能独立成句。
改为:There are many ways to learn English, for example by reading English novels, listening to English radio or taking courses.
3、悬垂修饰语
悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers)是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。
例如:To help raise people’s living standards, basic healthcare is a necessity.
剖析:句中不定式短语 “To help raise people’s living standards” 的逻辑主语不清楚。
改为:To help raise people's living standards, the government should provide basic healthcare.
4、不间断句子
不间断句子(Run-on Sentences)指的到底是什么呢?请看下面的例句。
例如:There are many ways we get to know the outside world.
剖析:这个句子包含了两层完整的意思:“There are many ways。” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”但简单地把它们连在一起就不太妥当了。
改为:There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或:There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world.
5、词性误用
词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)指的是考生在写作的过程中,不考虑单词的词性和词法功能,单纯地从词义对照的角度出发来运用单词,从而造成病句。
例如:I against these rules because they are not so good.
剖析:本句是典型的词性误用,against 是一个介词。需要与be 动词一起构成谓语成分。
改为: I am against these rules because they are useless.
6、指代不清
指代不清是指代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者出现前后代词不一致的情况。
例如:Alice and my sister are neighbors, and she always invites her to her house.
剖析:在这句话中,读者无法明确地判断这两位姑娘到底是谁邀请谁去家里做客。所以在写作中,我们应该尽量避免容易引起误解的代词,将所指对象加以明确,方便理解。
改为:Alice and my sister are neighbors, and she always invites my sister to her house.
7、措词问题
造成措辞问题的原因,往往是由于很多中国的学生习惯用中式思维造句,然后再在脑子里把中文翻译成英文。特别是在考场上由于时间紧迫,学生经常想到一个词,拿来就用,完全不考虑措辞的搭配是否合理。另外,很多学生喜欢在考前背老师给的,或者是网上自己找的模板,这些模板良莠不齐,很容易对学生造成误导。正确的做法应该是在平时养成查英英字典的好习惯,同时多积累一些地道的表达。
例如:Therefore, teenagers are more likely to make a crime in this sophisticated society.
剖析:这句话中“make a crime”就是典型的措辞误用,“犯罪“的地道表达应该是”commit a crime”。 其次,很多同学喜欢写一些看上去很长,拼写很复杂,不明觉厉的词,例如这句话中的“sophisticated”,以为会让考官眼前一亮,但英文中实际不存在这种搭配,复杂的社会用“in this complicated society”比较合适。
改为:Therefore, teenagers are more likely to commit crimes in this complicated society.
8、累赘
言简意赅其实也是一种能力。句子短小精悍,实际上比为了凑字数而写出不必要的长句要有用得多。因此我们的原则是:能用单词的就不用词组,能用词组的就不用从句。
例如: Considering the fact that the problem is very complex,the government needs to take more targeted measures.
剖析:本句的“the fact that the problem is very complex”系同谓语从句,按照上述的原则,我们可以用词组来替换这个从句。
改为:Considering the complexity of problem,the government needs to take more targeted measures.
9、不连贯
不连贯主要指的是两个句子缺乏逻辑上的联系,前文不搭后语,或者连接词使用的不准确。这也是考生最常犯的一个错误。所以在练习写作时,必须要有意识地加强句子之间的逻辑。
例如:Home-working enables employees to make a better balance between career and family. Working at home can free people from the sudden changes of weather.
剖析:乍一看,这两句句子表达清晰,用词正确,好像没有什么错误,但却忽略了两句句子之间的联系。两句话都是描述在家工作的优点,我们可以用“what’s more”、”in addition”等词来表达一种递进关系,这样就使文章的层次更丰富。
改为:Home-working enables employees to make a better balance between career and family. In addition, working at home can free people from the sudden changes of weather.
10、修饰语错位
英语与汉语不同,同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置,句子的含义可能引起变化。对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视,因而造成了不必要的误解。
例如:The refrigerator was sold to us by a salesman with a money-back guarantee.
剖析:本句中究竟是salesman有money-back guarantee,还是冰箱有?虽然也许能根据句意推断出是冰箱有退款保证,但是这里的修饰语错位还是给读者带来了不小的困扰。
改为:The refrigerator with a money-back guarantee was sold to us by a salesman.
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托福写作需要避免哪些常见错误
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